Writing to Learn 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing to Learn 3 - Assignment Example Lack of carbohydrates may lead to fatigue, muscle cramps and poor mental functioning. Proteins are sources of nutrients such as zinc, thiamin and riboflavin that are important in enzyme functioning (DeLuz and Hester 42). Lack of protein leads to depressed metabolism. Vegetable and fruits are rich in antioxidants. Therefore, insufficient fruits and vegetables intake leads to fatigue and mental disorders. Below is a one-day menu plan. Breakfast; Omelet of  ½ cup egg substitute,  ¼ cup chopped onion,  ¼ cup chopped green pepper and 2 teaspoons canola,1 slice whole wheat bread toasted with 1 teaspoon creamy peanut butter,1 medium orange. Lunch;3 ounces roasted chicken breast, salads of 2cups mixed greens, one tablespoon red wine, 2 teaspoons virgin oil, 2 whole grain rye crackers, 1/2 cup skimmed milk, 1 medium peach. Dinner should have 1/2 cup brown rice,1/2 cup fresh broccoli and 1 medium carrot stir fried in 2 tablespoons of extra virgin oil,3/4 cup fresh

Arthur Miller biography Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller biography Essay Arthur Miller was born on 17 October 1915, in New York City. He lived in Harlem until he was fourteen. His Dad was a clothes manufacturer but lost all his money in 1929 when the stock market crashed. Due to the economic depression, which followed, when Miller graduated from high school in 1932 there was no money to send him to university. He worked for two years as shipping clerk, earning money to get him to college. He applied to the University of Michigan in 1934 and graduated from there in 1938. He worked in a Navy Yard while writing for the radio. His first successful stage play was All My Sons which opened in 1947 and later a film was made of it. Following this was the even more successful Death of a Salesman, which opened in 1949. These plays were seen as an attack on capitalism and during the McCarthy era of the 1940s and 1950s there was a lot of hysteria surrounding the spread of communism. Senator Joe McCarthy was very anti-communist and was adamant that any communist activities in America should be stomped out and the perpetrators jailed. Although this seemed a good idea to some, McCarthys policy was you either confess to be a communist, or give names of communists, or you would go to jail. Due to All My Sons and Death of a Salesman being seen as an attack on capitalism, Miller was summoned before the House Un-American Activities Committee that had been in operation since 1938. He was told to confess to signing his name on various petitions that the court had received or he would be jailed. Arthur Miller linked the activities of the Committee to the Salem witchcraft trials in which a few adolescent girls accused people of Salem of witchcraft. If these people did not confess to witchcraft then they would be hanged. From this he was able to write the play, The Crucible. The Crucible is about a young girl named Abigail who is in love with a married man named John Proctor. Abby and some other girls confess to compacting with the devil and are seen as saints as they start naming people who they claim to be witches. Proctor is determined to stop them and he with some others try to oppose authority to uncover the truth. Miller has used John Proctor as metaphor for himself.

Career Opportunities For Recipients Of Degrees In Mathematics :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

The Many Career Opportunities For Recipients Of Degrees In Mathematics I have chosen to do Possibility 7. It states that once a person decides to study mathematics they are limited to the possible fields of work that is available to them. According to this statement the only possible jobs are teaching jobs at the school, college, and university levels. It also talks about how this can be dull to some and how a person can't become a millionaire this way. I am in total opposition of this statement. I believe that if a person studies mathematics they have a world of options open to them. By no means does studying mathematics limit a person to the teaching profession alone. Mathematics majors are in demand in the work force. The jobs are out there if the perspective workers have good job search skills, which are essential. The teaching profession alone offers an assortment of different levels of teaching. One could teach at the elementary, middle school, high school, college, and university levels. There are also teacher's aids, research assistants, and student teachers, as well as substitute teachers. The demand for teachers is elevating at an alarming rate. This goes for teachers in general, but especially for teachers interested in teaching in the mathematics or science fields. Besides being a teacher, who technically is a mathematician, there is also the obvious profession of being a mathematician without being a teacher. There are also opportunities such as becoming an engineer, a research scientist, or a manager of a business. Mathematics majors work for such companies as IBM, AT&T Bell Labs, American Airlines, FedEx, L. L. Bean, and Perdue Farms Inc to name a few.(Source III) There are also mathematicians employed in such government agencies as The Bureau of the Census, Department of Agriculture, and NASA Goddard Space Center.(Sources III and IV) Mathematicians are needed in the fields of law and medicine as well as in the arts, such as sculpting, music, and television. The possibilities are seemingly endless. When you think about it, almost every job involves mathematics. It is true that not every job opening could be properly satisfied by a person who majored in mathematics, but for the most part that person would have an advantage over other applicants because of their knowledge in mathematics. I believe that a strong background in mathematics is an asset to a person looking into just about any field of work.

Policing Reforms Essay

When reading the case study from Chapter eight in â€Å"Criminal Justice Organization† that dealt with policing reforms and how to implement those several questions were raised at the end of the chapter that I would like to address.   The first was the obstacles to those putting these reforms into place.   What were the issues and concerns of the officers when putting these new reforms into place?   Would these new supervisory reforms be accepted well with the officers and the department?   Would the fears of the community and officers be calmed by supervisors and how would the supervisors do this?   These questions I hope to answer in this essay and allow the reader to see just how effective these reforms are for a healthy society, community and police force. Policing reform includes communities as well as police departments.   Policing and community involvement, to me is more of a democratic policing for society.   Many departments have had issue with their officers and this reform.   But with contemporary styles being introduced the picture is changing.   In the article the officers at fires thought that, â€Å"More contemporary approaches to policing such as community policing ideals and practices, were â€Å"Bullshit† and coddling criminals, as far as he was concerned† (p.207). A new supervisor with the new reforms in mind came into his position with real motivation to change the face of the police department.   â€Å"Bratton had adopted an idea postulated by some Ivy League types that the erosion of quality of life in a community led towards urban decay and ultimately unchecked crime† (207).   The new supervisor had discussed with police and politicians how working with the community and their concerns actually showed a decrease in crime.   He also went on the say that this involvement with the community can be as simple as social programs that would meet individual’s basic needs to the cleaning of neighborhoods and cracking down on crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shifts in the structure of policing would need to happen.   These changes would include more concentration on â€Å"community policing principals† (207).   Other things would be creating substations or mini-stations around the community to keep officers close to their respective communities.   The ideal being the better you know you community the more effective and efficient the officers would be.  Ã‚   Creating watch groups and have weekly meeting with members of the community to pinpoint problems. What better policing than community policing.   Also, also talking with landlords and business owners on effective efforts and ways they can help to prevent drugs and drug houses moving into the community.   Enhancing direct services such as issues with community health in the article the new supervisor had even tried to implement a plan that would involve officers giving aid in transportation to health clinics and departments but liability issues prevented this from happening.   I think this will be something that we could see happening in the policing functions in the near future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The officers in the story felt that these efforts and concepts of policing reforms were just â€Å"a waste of time† (208).   They had issues with how their performance had been evaluated in the past verses how they would be evaluated after the reforms were in place.   The new policies required more involvement with the communities and getting a sense of unity with the community. â€Å"The purpose of these efforts was to get a feel for the pulse of the community and its problems† (209).   The officers had a problem with evaluations being group instead of being based on individual merit.   But in my opinion this would strengthen the department on a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police supervisors according to the article are to interact more with the officers.   Don’t use status to separate them from their subordinates getting them involved to identify problems and crime in the community making the officers the experts of their own community.   Supervisors would be seen as support and an in-between for the officers and the upper level management in the department along with being a catalyst between police and the community.   The officer in the story opposed to these changes brought in the union citing that he felt this unfair and a violation of his labor agreement, but the reforms were not seen as being unfair or a violation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I don’t believe him to be idealistic rather unmotivated to change, because once the officers saw that results for the good of the community their minds were changed very quickly.   If something works and is good for the group as a whole then ethically you would have to change your attitude. There was also improvement in officer’s jobs that could be seen, such as more say in how they thought they should do their jobs.   Since they are the ones actually on the beat forty hours or more a week, somehow being your own critic makes you the best critic for the job.   Supervisors are fundamental in addressing the fears of officers as well as communities.   A supervisor that has strong managerial skills and an ability to show strong leadership and direction would benefit any police department and help in implementing policing reform in any police department. Reference: Stojkovic, S., Kalinich, D., & Klofas, J. (2003).   Personnel, supervision, and evaluation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ch. 8.   Criminal Justice Organization.   New York: Wadsworth/Thompson

Future Trends in Health Care Essay

Clinical decisions reflect the electronic world we live in more than ever. The electronic health record (EHR) is quickly replacing the traditional paper chart. In the United States by the 2014, medical records will be converted to an EHR. Medical records were converted over a ten- year period in the United Kingdom from traditional charting to EHR. The electronic age is here and with it new terminology. Electronic Health (E-health) describes many topics from the EHR to several systems and new subspecialties. Telemedicine has grown to include many activities within the electronic realm. The Internet and external delivery sources are quickly gaining favor for follow up care and rural medicine visits. Patients’ no longer have to wait or drive far distances to see their physician they can simply go to an outpatient clinic and visit the physician via videoconference using SKPE like technology. Internet/Electronic Communication as an External Delivery Source The estimates state that about eight billion people can access some form of electronic communication network across the globe. The estimation of this global access is the ability to investigate and research any health condition by symptom or chief complaint. The user simply inputs his or her perceived diagnosis and several choices are displayed in most search engines such as GOOGLE or BING. The programming used today does not even require that the spelling is correct because of the built in spell check feature. The electronic/computer age has brought with it many advantages that ten years ago were impossible. The ability to research as many topics/symptoms once performed at the library can be done at home. The Internet/e-communication has revolutionized both personal and professional fact-finding missions. E-health is quickly replacing both the research and word of mouth referrals. Going online and asking a question provide all the  physicians in the area as well as what type of specialist to visit. Blogs have replaced word of mouth. The impact is clear e-health is here to stay. Nomenclature depends on the type of patient care activities described. EHR is a universal and global term. Programs that support clinical decision-making can include: * Computerized provider (or physician) entry (CPOE) systems used by clinicians to enter, modify, review and, communicate orders, and return results for laboratory tests, x-ray images and referrals. * E-prescribing – clinical information systems used to enter, modify, review, and output, or communicate medication prescriptions. * Computerized decision support systems – (CDSS) used in the context of eHealth technologies, clinical information systems that integrate clinical and demographic patient information to provide support for decision making by clinicians. * Picture Archiving Computer System – (PACS) used radiology to store data and x-ray images. â€Å"The widespread availability of medical information on the internet and its effects on health care has exponentially increased over the last decade† (Black, et. al, 2011, p. 9). The impact of e-health has changed the landscape of health care. The growth has ushered in a new way for providers to communicate and educate patients. Instead of handouts concerning particular disease processes the provider can give the technologically clever patient the information by directing him or her to the website. Safe and effective instructions are the responsibility of the provider so investigation and verification for accuracy is important. Impact of Distance Delivery on Health Care Distance to the clinic or hospital is a concern for patients in rural areas. The convenience of participating in an e-health visit is beneficial. â€Å"On-line, computer-assisted communication between patients and physicians promises to replace a substantial amount of care now delivered in person† (Kassirer, 1995, p. 52). The prediction of Dr. Kasssirer is true today telemedicine, is on the rise. Large scale acceptance of e-medicine is yet to be realized. The backbone of American healthcare the physician office visit is under construction with the advent of e-Health. The patient is more in control of their health care than any time in history â€Å"ideally, responsibility for decisions could be shared by the patient and the physician, with the patient playing a substantial part† (Kassirer, 1995, p.  52). Transformative power is evident in this fundamental shift in thinking throughout the health care community. Communication Issues and Health care today Medical and scientific data is available to both the physician and the patient through the use of the Internet. †The Internet is clearly the modern vehicle with the potential to improve information dissemination and perhaps change the way health care is delivered† (Podichetty, et. al, p. 274). Smart phone and device technology is accessed and often used throughout the course of the day by both the physician and patient. Electronic interactions have replaced many of the traditional forms of communication. The move toward electronic exchanges between health care providers is becoming a common occurrence. Web-based medical resources are accessed by the patient and the physician equally. â€Å"Over 90% of physicians use the internet to research clinical issues† (Podichetty, et, al, p. 274). Researching can occur at the bedside with direct collaboration with the patient. The ability to understand and explain multiple disease processes is achieved through the interactive technology advances of today. Impact of Communication Techniques in the Future The future of healthcare communication and current trends are evolving as rapidly as technology will allow. Technological advances are occurring so rapidly that the health care environment will continue to evolve and invent new forms of communication techniques over the next five years. â€Å"Information and communications technology will play a key role in delivering health care in the future† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 328). Standards are changing within the cultural landscape of e-health. As the environment changes so too will the standards and regulations of telemedicine. As the landscape continues to change â€Å"there is cultural and historical resistance to heavy centralization of record-keeping and privacy concerns about the potential intrusion of government or business into sensitive personal documents† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 328). Soon we will be able to provide our complete medical history and medications through the use of a master patient record that updates in real time. The cloud is already offering â€Å"a place to remotely store and access gigantic sets of experimental data† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 329). The logical  transition to electronic documents is on the horizon. In conclusion, the future of centralized electronic records is on the horizon. The landscape will continue to evolve and shape itself around the acceptance of new technologies and ways to communicate medical information. As the evolution continues the legal and ethical considerations will mirror that of technological advancement â€Å"work is still under way to establish standards and rules on how to send information to the central system† (Dumiak, 2011, p. 329). The future will determine a set of standards for e-Health technologies. The technology exists but can health care can keep up with the future needs of the patient. References Biscup, R.S., Booher, J., & Podichetty, V.K. (2006). Assessment of Internet Use and Effects among Health Care Professionals: A Cross Sectional Survey. Postgrad Medicine, 8(2), 274-279. Black, A.D., Car, J., & Pagliari, C., Anandan, C., Cresswell, K., Bokun, T., McKinstry, B., Procter, R., Majeed, A., Sheikh, A., (2011, January). The Impact of E-Health on the Quality and Safety of Health Care: A Systematic Overview. Plos Medicine, 8(1), 1-16. Dumiak, M. (2012, September). E-Health’s Future Frontiers. Bull World Health Organization, 328-329. Kassirer, J.P. (1995, January). The Next Transformation in the Delivery of Health Care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 332(1), 52-54.

Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Tools in Garment Manufacturing Process Focusing Sewing Section of Men’s Shirt Essay Example

Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Tools in Garment Manufacturing Process Focusing Sewing Section of Men’s Shirt Essay Example Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Tools in Garment Manufacturing Process Focusing Sewing Section of Men’s Shirt Essay Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Tools in Garment Manufacturing Process Focusing Sewing Section of Men’s Shirt Essay Naresh Paneru Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Tools in Garment Manufacturing Process Focusing Sewing Section of Men’s Shirt Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Tools in Garment Manufacturing Process Focusing Sewing Section of Men’s Shirt Naresh Paneru Master’s thesis Autumn 2011 Degree Programme in Industrial Management Oulu University of Applied Sciences Author: Title of Thesis: Naresh Paneru Implementation of lean manufacturing tools in garment manufacturing process focusing sewing section of Men’s Shirt Thesis Supervisor: Degree: Graduation Year: Number of Pages: Hannu Paatalo Degree Programme in Industrial Management Autumn, 2011 72 + 8 ABSTRACT Traditionally operated garment industries are facing problems like low productivity, longer production lead time, high rework and rejection, poor line balancing, low flexibility of style changeover etc. These problems were addressed in this study by the implementation of lean tools like cellular manufacturing, single piece flow, work standardization, just in time production etc. After implementation of lean tools, results observed were highly encouraging. Some of the key benefits entail production cycle time decreased by 8%, number of operators required to produce equal amount of garment is decreased by 14%, rework level reduced by 80%, production lead time comes down to one hour from two days, work in progress inventory stays at a maximum of 100 pieces from around 500 to 1500 pieces. Apart from these tangible benefits operator multi-skilling as well as the flexibility of style changeover has been improved. This study is conducted in the stitching section of a shirt manufacturing company. Study includes time studies, the conversion of traditional batch production into single piece flow and long assembly line into small work cells. Key Words: Lean manufacturing, Just In Time, Cellular manufacturing, Time study, Single Piece Flow 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Oulu University of Applied Science for giving me the opportunity to pursue Master’s Degree in Industrial Management. I would like to thank my supervisor, Hannu Paatalo for his continued support throughout the course of this thesis. Similarly, I would like to express my genuine appreciation for senior lecturer Mr. Tauno Jokinen who guided me throughout this thesis process. I am obliged to all seniors and juniors in the industry, who coordinated and helped me directly or indirectly during the research process. 5 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION.. 12 1. 1 Background 12 1. Research Problems 13 1. 3 Research Objective 14 1. 4 Research Approach 15 1. 5 Report Construction.. 16 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2. 1 History of Lean 17 2. 2 Definition of Lean . 18 2. 3 Lean Principles 18 2. 4 Toyota Production System 19 2. Kind of Wastes 21 2. 6 Lean Manufacturing Tools and Techniques . 22 2. 6. 1 Cellular Manufacturing .. 22 2. 6. 2 Continuous Improvement.. 24 2. 6. 3 Just in Time .. 5 2. 6. 4 Total Productive Maintenance 28 2. 6. 6 Waste Reduction Techniques .. 31 2. 6. 7 Value Stream mapping 32 2. 7 Method Study .. 33 2. 8 Labor Standards and Work Measurements 33 2. 8. 1 Historical Experience .. 34 2. 8. 2 Time Studies 34 2. 8. 3 Predetermined Time Standards .. 36 2. 8. 4 Work Sampling .. 36 6 2. 9 Layout Design . 8 2. 10 Assembly Line Balancing 39 2. 10. 1 Takt Time 40 2. 10. 2 Cycle Time . 41 2. 11 Summary.. 1 3 GARMENT MANUFACTURIGN PROCESS 43 3. 1 Industry Background 43 3. 2 Garment Manufacturing Process 44 3. 2. 1 Cutting Section 44 3. 2. 2 Preparatory Section .. 44 3. 2. Assembly Section.. 47 3. 2. 4 Finishing Section .. 48 3. 3 Style Communication .. 49 3. 4 Existing Production Layout .. 49 3. 5 WIP Movement System .. 1 4 RESEARCH OF THE EXISTING PRODUCTION . 52 4. 1 Conducting Time Study .. 52 4. 2 Creating Cellular Layout 53 4. 3 Work Balancing between Operators . 54 4. 4 Critical Operation Handling . 56 4. Trial Production on New Layout 58 5 RESULT ANALYSES . 59 5. 1 Throughput Time Comparison 59 5. 2 Comparison of Production Time 60 5. 3 Comparison of Number of Operation .. 61 5. Comparing Number of Operator Required 62 5. 5 Compa rison of Information Flow .. 64 7 5. 6 Comparison of Rework Level . 64 5. 7 Operator Skill Improvement .. .. 65 5. 8 Operator Motivation . 5 6 RESEARCH SUMMARY . 66 6. 1 Conclusion . 66 6. 2 Limitations of the Study . 67 6. 3 Recommendation for Future Research 68 7 LIST OF REFERENCES 0 8 LISTS OF APPENDICES .. 73 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Difference between Push and Pull Manufacturing System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 Table 2: Section wise Number of Operation and Number of Operator requirement †¦.. 57 9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure1: Toyota Production System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Figure 2: Pillars of TPM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦29 Figure 3: Garment Production Process Flow Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 43 Figure 4: Cutting Section Production Flow Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ 5 Figure 5: Preparatory Section Production Flow Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 46 Figure 6: Assembly Section Production Flow Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦47 Figure 7: Finishing Section Production Flow Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 48 Figure 8: Existing Production Layout of Stitching Section†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 50 Figure 9: Recommended Stitching Section Layout†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 55 Figure 10: Comparison of Production Time for Different Stitching Sections†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 61 Figure 11: Comparison of Number of Operation in Different Sections†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 62 Figure 12: Comparison of Number of Operator Required in Different Sections†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 63 0 ABBREVIATIONS CAD CAM CI FSVSM ISVSM JIT MTM PDCA PFD PMTS PSVSM SAM SMED TMU TPM TPS VSM WIP Computer Aided Design Computer Aided Manufacturing Continuous Improvement Future State Value Stream Mapping Ideal State Value Stream Mapping Just in Time Methods Time Measurement Plan Do Check Act Personal Fatigue and Delay Predetermined Motion Time Systems Present State Value Stream Mapping Standard Allowed Minutes Single Minute Exchange of Dies Time Measurement Unit Total Productive Maintenance Toyota Production System Value Stream Mapping Work in Progress 11 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Background Due to the increasing labor wage in developed countries, the apparel manufacturing has been migrating from the high wage developed world to low wage developing countries (Bheda, Narag an d Singla, 2003). Even though the labor cost is cheaper than in developed countries; due to the specific market nature of the garment industries for example: the short production life cycle, high volatility, low predictability, high level of impulse purchase, the quick market response; garment industries are facing the greatest challenges these days (Lucy Daly and Towers, 2004). Garment industries in developing countries are more focused on sourcing of raw material and minimizing delivery cost than labor productivity because of the availability of cheap labor. Due to this, labor productivity is lower in developing countries than in the developed ones. For example, labour is very cheap in Bangladesh but the productivity is poor among other developing countries (Shahidul and Syed Shazali, 2011). Similarly, the cost of fabric is a major part of the garment so there seems to be great need for improvement in this sector. Even in developing countries the CAD and CAM system for fabric cutting has been implemented to save fabric. Now the worry is about labor productivity and making production flexible; because the fashion industry is highly volatile and if the orders are not fulfilled on time, the fear for losing business is real. Even today, industries are getting the same or more volumes (orders), but the number of styles they have to handle has increased drastically. Earlier industries were getting bulk order so there is no need to worry; if the production line was set for the first time it would run for a month or at least a week or two. But nowadays due to small order quantities and complex designs, the garment industry has to produce multiple styles 12 even within a day; this needs higher flexibility in volume and style change over (Shahram and Cristian, 2011). In some cases it has been observed that, in developing countries the garment industries are run as family business lacking skilled personnel as well as capital to implement new technologies for improving productivity and flexibility. Because of this, industries have been running in a traditional way for years and are rigid to change. They are happy as long as they are sustaining their business. They don’t have much confidence and will towards innovation over old processes. Now the time has come to struggle with global market demand and niche market in garment industries if they want to run it further (Gao, Norton, Zhang and Kin-man To, 2009). This volatility of styles can be addressed only by flexibility in manufacturing. The best way to cope with all these challenges is the implementation of lean manufacturing. This will serve our purpose of flexibility and save a lot of money by reducing production lead time, reducing the inventory, increasing productivity, training operators for multiple works, and by reducing rework. 1. 2 Research Problems The major problem people faced in garment industry is stitching; most of time failure to meet delivery time is because of stitching. Stitching operations (with respect to cutting and finishing) needs high skill as well as quality work, because of difficulty associated with repairing of products sewed with wrong specifications. Thus we have to give more attention to stitching than to cutting and finishing of garments. Firstly, High WIP in traditional type of batch production is the major problem faced by industries. Due to high WIP the throughput time as well as rework is very high. In some cases, even though the operator has completed the stitching operations the garment cannot be packed because of high WIP. Due to huge WIP, the defective parts are hidden inside the batches and it is very difficult to clear them while completing the final order quantity. This is the reason why garment professionals seem to work like fire fighters; 13 because they are always in a hurry for searching the missing garment pieces all over the shop floor. Secondly, in batch processing flexibility cannot be achieved easily; which is the current demand of garment industry. This is obstructed by the decreasing order size and increasing number of styles. So to meet this requirement production layout should be designed such that it should hold minimum WIP and should be flexible enough to the changing of order. Thirdly, in batch process operators are given specific jobs, so the operator knows one or a few more operations only. Though he (she) may have good skill and can work more efficiently on one (allocated job only) operation; he (she) cannot work immediately on some other operation. This is another need of today’s world, because the fashion is changing frequently and the work force should be capable enough to cope with this change. To achieve this operator should be multi-skilled; which can be served by regular training and converting long assembly lines into small manufacturing cells. Workload fluctuation among operators is another problem in batch processing, because one operator is given one operation at a time. So the operator who is performing easier and low time consuming jobs can pile up a huge amount of WIP whereas in the critical operations (operations which need more time and skill) there is lagging causing unbalanced WIP in-between machines and the work load is not proper among operators. This research tries to address all these problems of garment industry by implementing lean manufacturing in the case company. . 3 Research Objective Lean manufacturing is an operational strategy oriented towards achieving the shortest possible cycle time by eliminating wastes. The term lean manufacturing is coined to represent half the human effort in the company, half the manufacturing space, half the investment in tools and half the engineering hours to develop a new product in half the time. These benefits can be achieved only if the concept is religiously followed i n the 14 organization. In simple terms lean manufacturing is without waste. Thus the objective of this research is to find out how we can use lean manufacturing to achieve the following: To meet customer demand on time by eliminating non value added work from the process To minimize the work in process inventory To create flexibility of style changeover To reduce rework percentage To create a pool of multi-skilled operators who can respond quickly for changing style 1. 4 Research Approach The initial step in this research is to systematically study and define the history of the lean manufacturing concept and its different tools and techniques. It will then examine some most used lean manufacturing tools and techniques. This will be followed by the study of the existing production system of the case company for example the existing production layouts, inventory movement systems, work balancing methods and other different variables which needs to be improved for the betterment of the existing system. To address the current issues of the industry, the researcher tries to find out the standard operation time for each operation by using time study techniques and will try to standardize all the operations. Once the standard operation time is obtained work will be done to find out the best suitable production layout and WIP movement methods, which will help to get flexibility in style changeover, should reduce the production lead time, create operator multi-skilling etc. After doing these entire things as paper work, the researcher will implement the research outcomes in the company and the improvement will be measured against the existing process. Basically, this is quantitative research where the researcher is a part of the organization during the study. 15 1. 5 Report Construction The whole report consists of seven chapters. The first chapter describes the need of the research, research objectives and research approach. Literature review about lean manufacturing, layout designs, time study and assembly line balancing is described in chapter two. Industry background and garment manufacturing processes are described in the third chapter followed by the research methodology, data collection methods etc. in chapter four. The fifth chapter includes the analysis part of the research; in this chapter different parameters are compared between existing production systems and he new recommended system. Chapter six is about the research summary, conclusion of research, its limitations and recommendation for further study, followed by the list of reference in the seventh chapter. 16 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 History of Lean During II world war, the economic condition of Japan was heavily destroyed. Due to this there was scarcity of fund resulting in limiting access to corp orate finance. In this situation, neither Toyota was able to set up a mass production system like their American counterparts, nor it was possible to layoff the employees to reduce their cost due to legislation. Anyhow Toyota had to devise a new system for reducing costs to sustain in the market. So they decided to produce a small batch of products which would reduce inventories; it means they would need less capital to produce the same product. But this is obstructed by the practical difficulty of changing tools and production lines frequently. To cope with this problem they started making multipurpose tooling systems in their machines and trained their employees in changeover time reduction methods. At the same time, Toyota realized that investing in people is more important than investing in bigger size machinery and continues employee training throughout the organization. This motivates all employees and they are more open to the improvement process and everyone started giving their input to the company. In this way, short production runs started by Toyota became a benefit rather than a burden, as it was able to respond much more rapidly to changes in demand by quickly switching production from one model to another (Drew, Blair and Stefan, 2004, p. -6). Toyota didn’t depend on the economies of scale production like American companies. It rather developed a culture, organization and operating system that relentlessly pursued the elimination of waste, variability and inflexibility. To achieve this, it focused its operating system on responding to demand and nothing else. This in turn means it has to be flexible; when there are changes in demand, the operating system is a stable workforce that is required to be much more skilled and much more flexible than those in most mass production systems. Over time, all these elements were consolidated into a new approach to operations that formed the basis of lean or Toyota Production System. 17 2. 2 Definition of Lean The popular definition of Lean Manufacturing and the Toyota Production System usually consists of the following (Wilson, 2009, p. 29-30). 1. It is a comprehensive set of techniques which when combined allows you to reduce and eliminate the wastes. This will make the company leaner, more flexible and more responsive by reducing waste. 2. Lean is the systematic approach to identifying and eliminating waste through continuous improvement by flowing the product or service at the pull of your customer in pursuit of perfection (Nash, Poling and Ward, 2006, p. 17). According to (Drew et al. , 2004, p 25) the lean operating system consists of the following: A lean operating system follows certain principles to deliver value to the customer while minimizing all forms of loss. Each value stream within the operating system must be optimized individually from end to end. Lean tools and techniques are applied selectively to eliminate the three sources of loss: waste, variability and inflexibility. Thus the organization who wants to implement lean should have strong customer focus, should be willing to remove wastes from the processes they operate on daily basis and should have the motivation of growth and survival. 2. 3 Lean Principles The major five principles of Lean are as follows (Burton T. and Boeder, 2003, p. 122): Principle 1: Accurately specify value from customer perspective for both products and services. 18 Principle 2: Identify the value stream for products and services and remove non-valueadding waste along the value stream. Principle 3: Make the product and services flow without interruption across the value stream. Principle 4: Authorize production of products and services based on the pull by the customer. Principle 5: Strive for perfection by constantly removing layers of waste. 2. 4 Toyota Production System It is a manufacturing system developed by Toyota in Japan after World War II, which aims to increase production efficiency by the elimination of waste. The Toyota production system was invented and made to work, by Taiichi Ohno. While analyzing the problems inside the manufacturing environment; Ohno came to conclude that different kinds of wastes (non value added works) are the main cause of inefficiency and low productivity. Ohno identified waste in a number of forms, including overproduction, waiting time, transportation problems, inefficient processing, inventory, and defective products. Figure 1 shows the Toyota Production System in detail. From this figure it can be seen that TPS is not only a set of different tools but it is the philosophy and integration of different tools and systems to achieve a common goal of waste reduction and efficiency improvement. Each element of this house is critical, but more important is the way the elements reinforce each other. Just In Time (JIT) means removing the inventory used to buffer operations against problems that may arise in production. The ideal of one-piece flow is to make one unit at a time at the rate of customer demand or Takt time. Using smaller buffers (removing the â€Å"safety net†) means that problems like quality defects become immediately visible. This reinforces Jidoka, which halts the production process. This means workers must resolve the problems immediately and urgently to resume production. 9 FIGURE 1: Toyota Production System1 Stability is at the foundation of the house. While working with little inventory and stopping production when there is a problem causes instability and a sense of urgency among workers. In mass production, when a machine goes down, there is no sense of urgency because the maintenance department is scheduled to fix it while the inventory keeps the operations running. By contrast, in lean production, when an operator shuts down equipment to fix a problem, other operations will also stop immediately due to no inventory creating a crisis. So there is always a sense of urgency for everyone in production to fix problems together to get the machine in working condition and to run the production as soon as possible. 1 Toyota Way (Liker, 2003, p. 33) 20 If the same problem occurs repeatedly, management will quickly conclude that this is a critical situation and it should be cracked without any delay. People are at the center of the house, because it is only through continuous improvement that the operation can ever attain this needed stability. People must be trained to see waste and solve problems at the root cause by repeatedly asking why the problem really occurs. Problem solving should be on the actual site of the problem where everything is visible and practical also; this technique of problem solving is called Genchi Genbutsu. In general TPS is not a toolkit. It is not just a set of lean tools like just-in-time, cells, 5S (sort, stabilize, shine, standardize, sustain), Kanban, etc. It is a sophisticated system of production in which all parts contribute to a whole. On the whole, its focus is on supporting and encouraging people to continually improve the processes they work on. 2. 5 Kind of Wastes According to David Magee, (Magee, 2007, p. 67) different kinds of wastes in a process can be categorized in following categories. These wastes reduce production efficiency, quality of work as well as increase production lead time. 1. Overproduction – Producing items more than required at given point of time i. e. producing items without actual orders creating the excess of inventories which needs excess staffs, storage area as well as transportation etc. 2. Waiting – Workers waiting for raw material, the machine or information etc. s known as waiting and is the waste of productive time. The waiting can occur in various ways for example; due to unmatched worker/machine performance, machine breakdowns, lack of work knowledge, stock outs etc. 3. Unnecessary Transport – Carrying of work in process (WIP) a long distance, insufficient transport, moving material from one place to another place is known as the unnecessary transport. 4. Over processing – Working on a product more than the actual requirements is termed as over processing. The over processing may be due to improper tools or 21 improper procedures etc. The over processing is the waste of time and machines which does not add any value to the final product. 5. Excess Raw Material This includes excess raw material, WIP, or finished goods causing longer lead times, obsolescence, damaged goods, transportation and storage costs, and delay. Also, the extra inventory hides problems such as production imbalances, late deliveries from suppliers, defects, equipment downtime, and long setup times. 6. Unnecessary Movement – Any wasted motion that the workers have to perform during their work is termed as unnecessary movement. For example movement during searching for tools, shifting WIP etc. 7. Defects – Defects in the processed parts is termed as waste. Repairing defective parts or producing defective parts or replacing the parts due to poor quality etc. is the waste of time and effort. 8. Unused Employee Creativity – Loosing of getting better ideas, improvement, skills and learning opportunities by avoiding the presence of employee is termed as unused employee creativity (Liker, 2003, p. 29). 2. 6 Lean Manufacturing Tools and Techniques There are numbers of lean manufacturing tools which, when used in proper ways will give the best results. Once the source of the waste is identified it is easier to use the suitable lean tool to reduce or eliminate them and try to make waste free systems. Some of these tools are discussed in this chapter. 2. 6. 1 Cellular Manufacturing A cell is a combination of people, equipment and workstations organized in the order of process to flow, to manufacture all or part of a production unit (Wilson, 2009, p. 214215). Following are the characteristics of effective cellular manufacturing practice. . Should have one-piece or very small lot of flow. 22 2. The equipment should be right-sized and very specific for the cell operations. 3. Is usually arranged in a C or U shape so the incoming raw materials and outgoing finished goods are easily monitored. 4. Should have cross-trained people within the cell for flexibility of operation. 5. Generally, the cell is arranged in C or U shape and covers less space than the long assembly lines. There are lots of benefits of cellular manufacturing over long assembly lines. Some of them are as follows (Heizer and Render, 2000, p. 345-346). 1. Reduced work in process inventory because the work cell is set up to provide a balanced flow from machine to machine. 2. Reduced direct labor cost because of improved communication between employees, better material flow, and improved scheduling. 3. High employee participation is achieved due to added responsibility of product quality monitored by themselves rather than separate quality persons. 4. Increased use of equipment and machinery, because of better scheduling and faster material flow. 5. Allows the company higher degrees of flexibility to accommodate changes in customer demand. 6. Promotes continuous improvement as problems are exposed to surface due to low WIP and better communication. 7. Reduces throughput time and increases velocity for customer orders from order receipt through production and shipment. 8. Enhances the employee’s productive capability through multi-skilled multimachine operators. Apart from these tangible benefits, there is the very important advantage of cellular manufacturing over the linear flow model. Due to the closed loop arrangement of machines, the operators inside the cell are familiar with each other’s operations and they understand each other better. This improves the relation between the operators and helps to improve productivity. Whereas in long assembly line one operator knows only two 23 operators (before and after his operation in the line) it seems that operators are working independently in the line. 2. 6. 2 Continuous Improvement According to (Gersten and Riss, 2002, p. 41) Continuous improvement (CI) can be defined as the planned, organized and systematic process of ongoing, incremental and company-wide change of existing practices aimed at improving company performance. Activities and behaviors that facilitate and enable the development of CI include problem-solving, plan-do-check-act (PDCA) and other CI tools, policy deployment, cross-functional teams, a formal CI planning and management group, and formal systems for evaluating CI activities. Successful CI implementation involves not only the training and development of employees in the use of tools and processes, but also the establishment of a learning environment conducive to future continuous learning. The short description of PDCA cycle is given below Plan: Identify an opportunity and plan for change. Do: Implement the change on a small scale. Check: Use data to analyze the results of the change and determine whether it made a difference. Act: If the change was successful, implement it on a wider scale and continuously assess the results. If the change did not work, begin the cycle again. Thus continuous improvement is an ongoing and never ending process; it measures only the achievements gained from the application of one process over the existing. So while selecting the continuous improvement plan one should concentrate on the area which needs more attention and which adds more value to our products. There are seven different kinds of continuous improvement tools (Larson, 2003, p. 46) they can be described as follows. The use of these tools varies from case to case depending on the requirement of the process to be monitored. 24 Pareto Diagram: The Pareto diagram is a graphical overview of the process problems, in ranking order from the most frequent, down to the least frequent, in descending order from left to right. Thus, the Pareto diagram illustrates the frequency of fault types. Using a Pareto, one can decide which fault is the most serious or most frequent offender. Fishbone Diagram: A framework used to identify potential root causes leading to poor quality. Check Sheet: A check sheet is a structured, prepared form for collecting and analyzing data. This is a generic tool that can be adapted for a wide variety of purposes. Histogram: A graph of variable data providing a pictorial view of the distribution of data around a desired target value. Stratification: A method of sorting data to identify whether defects are the result of a special cause, such as an individual employee or specific machine. Scatter Diagram: A graph used to display the effect of changes in one input variable on the output of an operation. Charting: A graph that tracks the performance of an operation over time, usually used to monitor the effectiveness of improvement programs. 2. 6. 3 Just in Time Just in time is an integrated set of activities designed to achieve high volume production using the minimal inventories of raw materials, work in process and finished goods. Just in time is also based on the logic that nothing will be produced until it is needed (Shivanand, 2006, p. 45). Just-in-time manufacturing is a Japanese management philosophy applied in manufacturing. It involves having the right items with the right quality and quantity in the right place at the right time. The ability to manage inventory (which often accounts 25 for as much as 80 percent of product cost) to coincide with market demand or changing product specifications can substantially boost profits and improve a manufacturer’s competitive position by reducing inventories and waste. In general, Just in Time (JIT) helps to optimize company resources like capital, equipment, and labor. The goal of JIT is the total elimination of waste in the manufacturing process. Although JIT system is applied mostly to manufacturing environment, the concepts are not limited to this area of business only. The philosophy of JIT is a continuous improvement that puts emphasis on prevention rather than correction, and demands a companywide focus on quality. The requirement of JIT is that equipment, resources and labor are made available only in the amount required and at the time required to do the work. It is based on producing only the necessary units in the necessary quantities at the necessary time by bringing production rates exactly in line with market demand. In short, JIT means making what the market wants, when it wants, by using a minimum of facilities, equipment, materials, and human resources (Roy, 2005, p. 170). JIT principles are based on the following (Shivanand, 2006, p. 4): It is commonly used to describe the stockless production manufacturing approach, where only the right parts are completed at the right time. It is not a destination but a journey. Reducing inventory, improving quality and controlling cost. A â€Å"Pull System† where the parts are produced only when they are required. Pull and Push System In push system, when work is finished at a workstation, the output is pushed to the next station; or, in the case of the final operation, it is pushed on to the final inventory. In this system, work is pushed on as it is completed, with no regard for whether the next station is ready for the work or not. In this way, the WIP is unbalanced in all operations throughout the shop floor (Roy, 2005, p. 174). 26 TABLE 1: Difference between push and pull manufacturing system Description Signal to produce more Timing of signal Planning horizon Leveling of demand Push System Schedule or plan Advance of the need Fairly long No Too much inventory, no Pull System Customer signal At the time of the need Very short Generally yes Does not planned ahead, missed customer demand at the beginning of product life cycle, too much inventory at the last Repetitive, high volume manufacturing and stable demand Visible Much Negatives about the system visual control, long and planned lead times, requires more information Non repetitive, batch, short Best for product lifecycle, long lead time purchasing Problem visibility Stress to improve Not visible Little The push system is also known as the Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) system. This system is based on the planning department setting up a long-term production schedule, which is then dissected to give a detailed schedule for making or buying parts. This detailed schedule then pushes the production people to make a part and push it forward to the next station. The major weakness of this system is that it relies on guessing the future customer demand to develop the schedule that production is based on and guessing the time it takes to produce each part. Overestimation and underestimation may lead to excess inventory or part shortages, respectively (Shivanand, 2006, p. 50). Whereas in pull system; each work station pulls the output from the preceding station as it is needed. Output from the final operation is pulled by customer demand or the master 27 schedule. Thus in pull system work is moved in response to demand from the next stage in the process. The Kanban system is used to monitor the effective pull process. Table 1 helps to differentiate Pull and Push system. 2. 6. 4 Total Productive Maintenance Machine breakdown is one of the major headaches for people related to production. The reliability of the equipment on the shop floor is very important because if any one of the machines is down the entire shop floor productivity may be nil. The tool that takes care of these sudden breakdowns and awakes maintenance as well as production workers to minimize these unplanned breakdowns is called total productive maintenance. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is a maintenance program, which involves a newly defined concept for maintaining plants and equipment. The goal of the TPM program is to increase production, increase employee morale and job satisfaction. (Bisen and Srivastava, 2009, p. 175) TPM is set of tools, which when implemented in an organization as a whole gives the best utilization of machines with least disruption of production. The set of tools are called pillars of TPM and they are shortly described here and illustrated in a TPM diagram (Figure 2). 5S The first pillar of TPM is called 5S, which organize and cleans work place; this helps to make problems visible and attracts the attentions of everyone. Brief description of 5S elements are as follows: Sort: The first step in making things cleaned up and organized. Set In Order: Organize, identify and arrange everything in a work area. Shine: Regular cleaning and maintenance. Standardize: Make it easy to maintain, simplify and standardize. Sustain: Maintain what has been achieved. 28 FIGURE 2: TPM diagram Pillars of TPM (Kumar, 2008, p. 217) Autonomous maintenance This is about the involvement of production workers in the day to day general maintenance of machines like cleaning, lubricating etc. hich saves the time of skilled maintenance person at the same time the production workers are made more responsible to their machines. Kaizen Kaizen is for small improvements, but carried out on a continual basis and involve all people in the organization. Kaizen requires no or little investment. The principle behind is that â€Å"a very large number of small improvements are more effective in an organizational environment than a few improv ements of large value. † This pillar is aimed at reducing losses in the workplace that affect our efficiencies (Kumar, 2008, p. 220). Planned maintenance It addresses the proactive approach of maintenance activities. This involves four types of maintenance namely preventive maintenance, breakdown maintenance, corrective maintenance, and maintenance prevention. 29 Quality Maintenance It is aimed towards customer delight through the highest quality and defect free manufacturing. In this system, one has to take care of parts which affect product quality and try to eliminate or modify them to give customer superior quality. Training Employees should be trained such that they can analyze the root cause of the problem. General know how of the problem is not sufficient rather they should be able to know why the problem is occurring and how to eliminate it. For this employee need continuous training, ultimately; the entire employee should be multi-skilled and should solve the problem in their area by themselves. Office TPM This tool is about increasing the efficiencies in office (administrative) activities. This tool works the problems like communication issues, data retrieval processes, management information systems, office equipment losses, up to date information about inventories etc. Safety Health and Environment In this area, the focus is to create a safe workplace and a surrounding area that would not be damaged by our process or procedures. This pillar will play an active role in each of the other pillars on a regular basis. Safe work environment means accident free, fire less and it should not damage the health of workers. 2. 6. 5 Work Standardization A very important principle of waste reduction is the standardization of work. Standardized work basically ensures that each job is organized and carried out in the same manner; irrespective of the people working on it. In this way if the work is standardized the same quality output will be received even if the worker is changed in process. At Toyota, every worker follows the same processing steps all the time. This 30 includes the time needed to finish a job, the order of steps to follow for each job, and the parts on hand. By doing this one ensures that line balancing is achieved, unwanted work in process inventory is minimized and non value added activities are reduced. A tool that is used to standardize work is called takt time. 2. 6. 6 Waste Reduction Techniques Some of the waste reduction tools include zero defects, setup time reduction, and line balancing. The goal of zero defects is to ensure that products are fault free all the way, through continuous improvement of the manufacturing process (Karlsson and Ahlstrom 1996). Human beings almost invariably will make errors. When errors are made and are not caught then defective parts will appear at the end of the process. However, if the errors can be prevented before they happen then defective parts can be avoided. One of the tools that the zero defect principle uses is Poka Yoke. Poka-Yoke, which was developed by Shingo, is an autonomous defect control system that is put on a machine that inspects all parts to make sure that there are zero defects. The goal of Poka-Yoke is to observe the defective parts at the source, detect the cause of the defect, and to avoid moving the defective part to the next workstation (Feld, 2000). Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) is another technique of waste reduction. During 1950’s Ohno devised this system; and was able to reduce the die changing time from 1 day to three minutes (Womack, Jones and Ross, 1990). The basic idea of SMED is to reduce the setup time on a machine. There are two types of setups: internal and external. Internal setup activities are those that can be carried out only when the machine is stopped while external setup activities are those that can be done during machining. The idea is to move as many activities as possible from internal to external (Feld, 2000). Once all activities are identified than the next step is to try to simplify these activities (e. g. standardize setup, use fewer bolts). By reducing the setup time many benefits can be realized. First, die-changing specialists are not needed. Second, inventory can be reduced by producing small batches and more variety of product mix can be run. 31 Line balancing is considered a great weapon against waste, especially the wasted time of workers. The idea is to make every workstation produce the right volume of work that is sent to upstream workstations without any stoppage (Mid-America Manufacturing Technology Center Press Release, 2000). This will guarantee that each workstation is working in a synchronized manner, neither faster nor slower than other workstations. 2. 6. 7 Value Stream mapping Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a technique that was originally developed by Toyota and then popularized by the book, Learning to See (The Lean Enterprise Institute, 1998), by Rother and Shook. VSM is used to find waste in the value stream of a product. Once waste is identified, then it is easier to make plan to eliminate it. The purpose of VSM is process improvement at the system level. Value stream maps show the process in a normal flow format. However, in addition to the information normally found on a process flow diagram, value stream maps show the information flow necessary to plan and meet the customer’s normal demands. Other process information includes cycle times, inventories, changeover times, staffing and modes of transportation etc. VSMs can be made for the entire business process or part of it depending upon necessity. The key benefit to value stream mapping is that it focuses on the entire value stream to find system wastes and try to eliminate the pitfall (Wilson, 2009, p. 147-153). Generally, the value stream maps are of three types. Present State Value Stream Map (PSVSM) tells about the current situation, Future State Value Stream Map (FSVSM) can be obtained by removing wastes (which can be eliminated in the short time like three to six months) from PSVSM and Ideal State Value Stream Mapping (ISVSM) is obtained by removing all the wastes from the stream. The VSM is designed to be a tool for highlighting activities. In lean terminology they are called kaizen activities, for waste reduction. Once the wastes are highlighted, the purpose of a VSM is to communicate the opportunities so they may be prioritized and acted upon. Hence, the prioritization and action must follow the VSM, otherwise it is just a waste like other wastes. 32 2. 7 Method Study Method study focuses on how a task can (should) be accomplished. Whether controlling a machine or making or assembling components, how a task is done makes a difference in performance, safety, and quality. Using knowledge from ergonomics and methods analysis, methods engineers are charged with ensuring quality and quantity standards are achieved efficiently and safely. Methods analysis and related techniques are useful in office environments as well as in the factory. Methods techniques are used to analyze the following (Heizer et al. , 2000, p. 394-396): 1. Movement of individuals or material. Analysis for this is performed using flow diagrams and process charts with varying amounts of detail. 2. Activity of human and machine and crew activity. Analysis for this is performed using activity charts (also known as man-machine charts and crew charts). 3. Body movement (primarily arms and hands). Analysis for this is performed using micro-motion charts. 2. 8 Labor Standards and Work Measurements Effective operations management requires meaningful standards that can help a irm to determine the following (Heizer et al. , 2000, p. 408-420) 1. Amount of labor contribution for any product (the labor cost). 2. Staffing needs (how many people it will take to meet required production). 3. Cost and time estimates prior to production (to assist in a variety of decisions, from cost estimates to make or buy decisions). 4. Crew size and work balance (who does what in a group activity or on an assembly line). 5. Expected production (so that both manager and worker know what constitutes a fair day’s work). 6. Basis of wage-incentive plan (what provides a reasonable incentive). 3 7. Efficiency of employees and supervision (a standard is necessary against which to determine efficiency). Properly set labor standards represent the amount of time that it should take an average employee to perform specific job activities under normal working conditions. The labor standards are set in by historical experience, time studies, predetermined time standards and work sampling. 2. 8. 1 Historical Experience Labor standards can be estimated based on historical experience i. e. how many labor hours were used to do a similar task when it was done last time. Based upon this experience the new time will be fixed for any new operation or works. Historical standards have the advantage of being relatively easy and inexpensive to obtain. They are usually available from employee time cards or production records. However, they are not objective, and we do not know their accuracy, whether they represent a reasonable or poor work pace, and whether unusual occurrences are included. Because their variables are unknown, their use is not recommended. Instead, time studies, predetermined time standards and work sampling are preferred (Heizer et al. , 2000, p. 09). 2. 8. 2 Time Studies The classical stopwatch study, or time study, originally proposed by Federic W. Taylor in 1881, is still the most widely used time study method. The time study procedure involves the timing of a sample of worker’s performance and using it to set a standard. A trained and experienced person can establish a standard by following these eight steps (Heizer et al. , 20 00, p. 409-412). 1. Define the task to be studied (after methods analysis has been conducted). 34 2. Divide the task into precise elements (parts of a task that often takes no more than a few seconds). 3. Decide how many times to measure the task (the number of cycles of samples needed). 4. Record elemental times and rating of performance. 5. Compute the average observed cycle time. The average observed cycle time is the arithmetic mean of the times for each element measured, adjusted for unusual influence for each element: Average observed cycle time = 6. Determine performance rating and then compute the normal time for each element. Normal Time = (average observed cycle time) x (performance rating factor). 7. Add the normal times for each element to develop a total normal time for each task. . Compute the standard time. This adjustment to the total normal time provides allowances such as personal needs, unavoidable work delays and worker fatigue. Standard Time = Personal time allowances are often established in the range of 4% to 7% of total time, depending upon nearness to rest rooms, water fountains, and other facilities. Delay allowances are often set as a result of the actual st udies of the delay that occurs. Fatigue allowances are based on our growing knowledge of human energy expenditure under various physical and environmental conditions. The major two disadvantages of this method are; first they require a trained staff of analysts and secondly the labor standards cannot be set before tasks are actually performed. 35 2. 8. 3 Predetermined Time Standards Predetermined time standards divide manual work into small basic elements that already have established times (based on very large samples of workers). To estimate the time for a particular task, the time factors for each basic element of that task are added together. Developing a comprehensive system of predetermined time standards would be prohibitively expensive for any given firm. Consequently, a number of systems are commercially available. The most common predetermined time standard is methods time measurement (MTM), which is the product of the MTM association (Heizer et al. , 2000 p. 415-416). Predetermined time standards are an outgrowth of basic motions called therblings. The term therblig was coined by Frank Gilbreth. Therbligs include such activities as select, grasp, position, assemble, reach, hold, rest and inspect. These activities are stated in terms of time measurement units (TMUs), which are each equal to only 0. 00001 hour or 0. 0006 minutes. MTM values for various therbligs are specified with the help of detailed tables. Predetermined time standards have several advantages over direct time studies. First, they may be established in laboratory environment, where the procedure will not upset actual production activities. Second, because the standard can be set before a task is actually performed, it can be used for planning. Third, no performance ratings are necessary. Fourth, unions tend to accept this method as fair means of setting standards. Finally, predetermined time standards are particularly effective in firms that do substantial numbers of studies of similar tasks. . 8. 4 Work Sampling It is an estimate of the percentage of time that a worker spends on particular work by using random sampling of various workers. This can be conducted by the following procedures (Heizer et al. , 2000, p. 416-418). 36 1. Take a preliminary sample to obtain an estimate of the parameter value (such as percent of time worker is busy). 2. Compute the sample size required. 3. Prepare a schedule for observing the worker at appropriate times. The concept of random numbers is used to provide for random observation. For example, let’s say we draw the following 5 random numbers from a table: 07, 12, 22, 25, and 49. These can then be used to create and observation schedules of 9:07 AM, 9:12, 9:22, 9:25, and 9:49 AM. 4. Observe and record worker activities. 5. Determine how workers spend their time (usually as percentage). To determine the number of observation required, management must decide upon the desired confidence level and accuracy. First, however, the analyst must select a preliminary value for the parameter under study. The choice is usually based on small sample of perhaps 50 observations. The following formula then gives the sample size for a desired confidence and accuracy. = Z2 ? p 1 ? p /h2 Where, n = required sample size z = standard normal deviate for the desired confidence level (z = 1 for 68% confidence, z = 2 for 95. 45% confidence, and z = 3 for 99. 73% confidence level) p = estimated value of sample proportion (of time worker is observed busy or idle) h = acceptable error level, in percent Work sampling offers several advantages over time study methods. First, because a sing le observer can observe several workers simultaneously, it is less expensive. Second, observers usually do not require much training and no timing devices are needed. Third, the study can be temporarily delayed at any time with little impact on the results. Fourth, because work sampling uses instantaneous observations over a long period, the worker has little chance of affecting the study outcome. Fifth, the procedure 37 is less intrusive and therefore less likely to generate objections. The disadvantages of work sampling are: 1. It does not divide work elements as completely as time studies. 2. It can yield biased or incorrect results if the observer does not follow random routes of travel and observation. 3. Being less intrusive, it tends to be less accurate; this is particularly true when cycle times are short. 2. 9 Layout Design Layout is one of the key decisions that determine the long-run efficiency of operations. Layout has numerous strategic implications because it establishes an organization’s competitive priorities in regard to the capacity, processes, flexibility and cost as well as quality of work life, customer contact and image. An effective layout can help an organization to achieve a strategy that supports differentiation, low cost, or response (Heizer et al. , 2000, p. 336). The layout must consider how to achieve the following: 1. Higher utilization of space, equipment, and people. 2. Improved flow of information, material or people. 3. Improved employee morale and safer working conditions. 4. Improved customer/client interaction. 5. Flexibility (whatever the layout is now, it will need to change). Types of Layout Layout decision includes the best placement of machines (in production settings), offices and desks (in office settings) or service center (in setting such as hospitals or department stores). An effective layout facilitates the flow of materials, people, and information within and between areas. There are various kinds of layouts. Some of them are as follows (Heizer et al. , 2000, p. 336-337). 38 1. Fixed Position layout – addresses the layout requirements of large, bulky projects such as ships and buildings (concerns the movement of material to the limited storage areas around the site). 2. Process Oriented Layout – deals with low volume, high variety production (also called ‘job shop’, or intermittent production). It can manage varied material flow for each product. 3. Office Layout – fixes workers positions, their equipment, and spaces (offices) to provide for movement of information (locate workers equiring frequent contact close to one another). 4. Retail Layout – allocates shelf space and responds to customer behavior (expose customer to high margin items). 5. Warehouse Layout – it addresses tradeoffs between space and material handlings (balance low cost storage with low cost material handling). 6. Product oriented layou ts – seeks the best personnel and machine utilization in repetitive or continuous production (equalize the task time at each workstation). 2. 10 Assembly Line Balancing Line balancing is usually undertaken to minimize imbalance between machines or personnel while meeting a required output from the line. The production rate is indicated as cycle time to produce one unit of the product, the optimum utilization of work force depends on the basis of output norms. The actual output of the individual may be different from the output norms. The time to operate the system, hence, keeps varying. It is, therefore, necessary to group certain activities to workstations to the tune of maximum of cycle time at each work station. The assembly line needs to balance so that there is minimum waiting of the line due to different operation time at each workstation. The sequencing is therefore, not only the allocation of men and machines to operating activities, but also the optimal utilization of facilities by the proper balancing of the assembly line (Sharma, 2009, p. 179). 39 The process of assembly line balancing involves three steps (Heizer et al. , 2000, p. 356358): 1. Take the units required (demand or production rate) per day and divide it into the productive time available per day (in minutes or seconds). This operation gives us what is called the cycle time. Namely, the maximum time that the product is available at each workstation if the production rate is to be achieved. Cycle time = production time available per day / units required per day 2. Calculate the theoretical minimum number of workstations. This is the total task duration time (the time it takes to make the product) divided by the cycle time. Fractions are rounded to the next higher whole number. MinimumNumberofWorkstations = ? Where n is the number of assembly tasks. 3. Balance the line by assigning specific assembly tasks to each workstation. An efficient balance is one that will complete the required assembly, follow the specified sequence, and keep the idle time at each work stations to a minimum. TimeforTaski / Cycle Time 2. 10. Takt Time Takt is German word for a pace or beat, often linked to conductor’s baton. Takt time is a reference number that is used to help match the rate of production in a pacemaker process to the rate of sales. This can be formulated as below (Rother and Harris, 2008, p. 13). Takt Time = Takt time can be defined as the rate at which customers need prod ucts i. e. the products should be produced at least equal to takt time to meet the customer demand. Takt time works better when customer demand is steady and clearly known; but if the customer demand varies on the daily basis then it is difficult to calculate the takt time as well as 40 alance the production facility according to varying takt time. So if the orders are varying every day the information of actual shipments (not orders) should be gathered for last few months or years and takt time for the particular product should be calculated. In this way, the production can be balanced to meet changing customer demand. 2. 10. 2 Cycle Time Cycle time is defined as how frequently a finished product comes out of our production facility (Rother et al. , 2008, p. 15). Cycle time includes all types of delays occurred while completing a job. So cycle time can be calculated by the following formula. Total Cycle Time = processing time + set up time + waiting time + moving time + inspection time + rework time + other delays to complete the job To meet customer demand or monitor productivity the cycle time and takt time should be balanced in parallel. The higher cycle time than takt time may result the late delivery and customer dissatisfaction whereas shorter cycle time than takt time may cause the excess inventory or excess use of resource. 2. 11 Summary This chapter briefly describes lean manufacturing tools and techniques for waste reduction and efficiency enhancement. Literature defines lean manufacturing, describes some lean tools (most relevant to this research), work standardization and assembly line balancing tools. The lean tools selected consist of cellular manufacturing, single piece flow, just in time (pull production), work standardization methods, continuous improvement process, and some other waste reduction tools. The chapter ends with the work standardization process by time studies, layout design and assembly line balancing methods. 1 Lean is a powerful tool, when adopted it can create superior financial and operational results. But in many cases, the confusion about how to start lean, from where to begin is also a problem for new practitioners. In some cases, the company tries to implement lean but it does not give effective results and stops in-between. All these are due to lack of clarity before implementing lean and lack of top management commitment. So to avoid the chances of failure one has to prepare in advance for the outcomes of the lean and should involve all employees on improvement programs. Lean is not just about the implementation of tools but also the development of its employees to adopt these tools. So, regular training and upgrading of employee skill is the most important factor for the success of lean. 42 3 GARMENT MANUFACTURIGN PROCESS 3. 1 Industry Background The research is conducted in garment industry whose major products are Men’s formal shirt in various order size. The factory consists of central cutting d

See Some Triboluminescence Examples

See Some Triboluminescence Examples You may be familiar with the Wint-O-Green Lifesaverâ„ ¢ spark in the dark, but if you dont have Lifesavers handy, there are other ways you can see triboluminescence. Triboluminescence results from the fracture of (usually) asymmetrical materials. The break separates electrical charges, which recombine and ionize the air. The ionization of nitrogen in the air produces ultraviolet light, but you cant see that. You can observe triboluminescence when another material is present that absorbs that ultraviolet light and re-releases it in the visible range (fluoresces). Here are some examples: Cracking Wint-O-Green LifesaversCrush a wintergreen-flavored Lifesaver candy with your teeth or a hammer. You get triboluminescence whenever you smash sugar, but there usually isnt enough light for you to see it. The methyl salicylate in the wintergreen oil is fluorescent and converts the ultraviolet light into blue light. If you cant find this flavor of Lifesavers, you can use sugar with wintergreen oil or clove oil.Unwapping a Band-Aidâ„ ¢Some Band-Aid wrappers will emit a blue-green glow when they are unwrapped quickly. While you can unwrap the bandage in the dark, youll probably want to turn the lights back on before applying to a wound!Cutting a DiamondThis is not something most of us are likely to do, but some diamonds will fluoresce blue or red when being rubbed or, more usually, cut.Unrolling Friction TapeFriction tape is that cloth tape that has a rubber adhesive such that it is sticky on both sides. It can be used as an electrical insulator, but youll usually see it in t he context of sports, to wrap hockey sticks, tennis rackets, baseball bats, etc. If you unroll friction tape in the dark youll observe a glowing line as the tape is pulled away from the roll. Opening Sealed EnvelopesThe adhesive used to seal some envelopes will fluoresce blue as the contact is broken.Remove Ice from the FreezerThis is an example of fractoluminescence, which is sometimes considers synonymous with triboluminescence. Fractoluminescence is light produced by fracturing a crystal. The fracture separates charge. If enough charge is separated, an electrical discharge may occur across the gap. If you remove ice from a freezer in a dark room, you may see flashes of white light accompanying the crackling sounds of ice undergoing rapid thermal expansion.

Buonaparte - Relationship of Bonaparte and Buonaparte

Buonaparte - Relationship of Bonaparte and Buonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte was born as Napoleone Buonaparte, the second son of a Corsican family with dual Italian heritage: his father Carlo descended from Francesco Buonaparte, a Florentine who had emigrated in the mid-sixteenth century. Napoleons mother was a Ramolino, a family who arrived in Corsica c. 1500. For a while, Carlo, his wife, and their children were all Buonapartes, but history records the great emperor as being Bonaparte. Why? A growing French influence on both Corsica and the family caused them to adopt the French version of their name: Bonaparte. The future emperor changed his first name too, to just Napoleon. French Influence France gained control of Corsica in 1768, sending an army and a governor who would both play key roles in Napoleons life. Carlo certainly became close friends with the Comte de Marbeuf, the French ruler of Corsica, and fought to send the elder children to be educated in France so they could rise up the ranks of the much larger, richer and more powerful French world; however, their surnames remained almost wholly Buonaparte. It was only in 1793 that the use of Bonaparte begins to grow in frequency, thanks largely to Napoleons failure in Corsican politics and the familys consequent flight to France, where they initially lived in poverty. Napoleon was now a member of the French military, but had managed to a return to Corsica and involved himself in the power struggles of the area. Unlike his later career, things went badly, and the French army (and the French mainland) were soon their new home. Napoleon soon found success, first as an artillery commander in the siege of Toulon and the creation of the ruling Directory, and then in the triumphant Italian Campaign of 1795-6, whereupon he changed almost permanently to Bonaparte. It was clear at this point that the French military was his future, if not the government of France, and a French name would aid this: people could still be suspicious of foreigners (as they still tend to be.) Other members of his family followed as their lives became intertwined with the high-politics of France, and soon the newly named Bonaparte family ruled vast areas of Europe. Political Motivations The changing of the family name from Italian to French seems clearly political in retrospect: as members of an up-and-coming dynasty who ruled France, it made perfect sense to appear French and adopt French affectations. However, theres debate over the scant evidence, and its possible there wasnt a deliberate, family-wide, decision to rename themselves, just the constant and subversive effects of living among French culture working to lead them all to change. Carlos death in 1785, well before the use of Bonaparte became even remotely common, may also have been an enabling factor: they could well have stayed Buonaparte if he had still been alive.​ Readers may wish to note that a similar process happened to the Buonaparte childrens first names: Joseph was born Giuseppe, Napoleon was Napoleone and so on.

What role does technology play in development Essay

What role does technology play in development - Essay Example Knowledge and technology should be considered together otherwise development is hampered. Nowadays information and communication technologies are the potential for the development. Therefore it is necessary to pay attention to distribution and application of these technologies in order to give equal rights to developed and developing countries (Wehelive, 2005, p. 39). This research paper considers technology and development with regard to information society. The works by Bell, Schumacher, Smith, Ovitt, Steinberg, Castells and others are focused on thee discussion of connection between technology and development. The majority of researchers claim that technology and development are closely connected and technology is considered to be a crucial factor in a modern society. On the other hand, inequity of technology distribution between developed and developing countries may be a drawback of development. Moreover, technological progress may be an obstacle to development. Thus it is relevant to discuss not technology, but intermediate or appropriate technology as it is suggested by Schumacher and Ovitt. Daniel Bell is focused on the study of the information society. His writings are mainly focused on three main issues: post-industrial information and workforce; the second one is about information flows; the third is focused on the discussion of connection between computers and the information revolution. Bell has always connected the society first with goods and then with services. Furthermore, Bell draws parallels between information and knowledge (Duff, 1998, p. 373). He emphasizes the significance of theoretical knowledge and its importance for a modern society. Thus Bell’s claim about the post-industrial society concerns theoretical knowledge as the only way to successful development. He suggests knowledge to be codified into symbols and be applied

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

No topic - Essay Example In the first place, the sender of the message was their third grade teacher, perceived as an authoritative figure – someone who effectively provides them with accurate information, knowledge and instructions. As an authority figure, the sender is perceived by the receivers of the message as credible, believable, truthful, and a role model. Since the student have known Jane Elliot as a competent teacher in their school, whatever message she relays are deemed acceptable to the students. In analyzing the receivers of the message, as the grade three students, one would deduce that they could be easily swayed to believe that blue-eyed people are the better people than brown-eyed people, especially when it was brought to their attention on the first day. With their young minds and ability to understand the issue at hand, these grade three students could easily accept as factual whatever information and instructions were fed to their minds by their teacher, who had been known to them as an authoritative figure when it comes to providing instructional information. Finally, the message was introduced appropriately by providing a background scenario where Jane Elliot first brought the subject of brotherhood. She effectively asked a question that solicited the needed response from the students. She asked: â€Å"is there anyone in this United States that we do not treat as our brothers?† (Frontline: The Daring Lesson); of which, a student replied: â€Å"Black people† (Frontline: The Daring Lesson).By introducing that the color of a person’s skin causes them to be treated differently, Jane Elliot effectively convinced the students that â€Å"it might be interesting to judge people today by the color of their eyes† (Frontline: The Daring Lesson). As such, the message that blue-eyed people are the better people than brown-eyed people (and vise versa) was easy to be relayed to the children and they responded quickly and completely because: (1)

Scripture Inerrancy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Scripture Inerrancy - Research Paper Example Even though most people where born into the religions of their parents and thus religions that already existed before their births, they have grown to accept the basic teachings and history of their religions as true and factual. It will not be far from right to argue that such people uphold and defend the doctrines of their religions because of documented evidence of the sanctity and authenticity of the stories surrounding their religion. Christianity is one of such religions that have very large following of people who in all cases try to defend the perfection of the religion. Like people of most other religions, Christians are always confident of the sanctity of their religion due to the faith they have in the origin of their history, documented in their holy scripture referred to as the bible. The phenomenon by which Christians attest to the authenticity and sanctity of the bible is common referred in theology as scripture inerrancy (Rhodes, 2001). Scripture inerrancy is regarded as an important subject in theology not because of the need to exonerate Christianity but to offer religious education and enlightenment to the world at large. As an important component of theology, it does not seek to perfect one religion against another but it tries to lay the facts bear so that readers and listeners will be able to make informed decisions for themselves. It is for this reason that research work on scripture is being considered for this research work. Problem Statement The problem under research has to do with scripture inerrancy, which has to do with the inspiration of the bible. As Challis (2006) notes, â€Å"the doctrines regarding the Bible have been discussed and debated at length throughout the history of the church.† Until a common compromise is reached in the discipline of theology on the doctrines of the bible, it is true to say that the debate and research will continue. The topic of scripture inerrancy therefore appears to be a problem that comm on in theological circles and even among religious followers who desire to be convinced of the truth behind various religions. This also means that the research problem

Cold Laser Therapy claims is to be critically evaluated Essay

Cold Laser Therapy claims is to be critically evaluated - Essay Example To approve any other claim or even similar claim for a particular device, the FDA requires adequate clinical data. Hawaii-based Quantum-Healing -Lasers.com, which sells many cold laser products online, claims that low-level laser therapy is effective for pain relief, anti-aging, weight-loss, smoking cessation, skin care, and treatment of broken bones and bullet wounds (Quantum-Heating-Lasers.com). This paper aims to evaluate some of the claims made by the organization. Quantum-Healing-Lasers.com says that smoking cessation studies in Canada and Europe have a purported success rate of 85%. According to the site, a high-wavelength, low-energy light, when applied to specific points in the body, blocks nicotine-receptors and simulates the release of endorphins. Nicotine is the addictive-factor in cigarette smoking. Nicotine gives smokers a "high" by releasing mood-enhancing chemicals called endorphins. The release of endorphins during laser therapy allegedly prevents any withdrawal symptoms that may occur because of smoking cessation. By curtailing the withdrawal symptoms, a long-time smoker is not tempted to smoke again. The site claims that the procedure is painless, easy, and takes only half-an-hour. The American Cancer Society (ACS) alleges that the currently available scientific evidence does not support claims of cold laser therapy as a smoking cessation aid. Another allegation made by ACS is that some television stations reported the cold laser therapy providers advertisements promising smoking cessation with laser treatment as news, making the therapy popular (ACS::Cold Laser Therapy, 2007). Public watchdog group Public Citizen also alleged that cold laser therapy providers are defrauding thousands of smokers with promise of cessation for hefty sums of up to $349 per session. According to the group reviews of medical literature shows few well-run trials that study the effectiveness of cold laser therapy for

Controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Controversy - Essay Example In fact, the market economy of New Zealand is one of the most prosperous economies of the world with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $181.3 billion, as on April, 2013 (OECD, 2013). Taxation in New Zealand is a vast and complex phenomenon. Since 1980, the country is going through significant tax reform programs for the purpose of restructuring its marginal tax rate system. In 2010, the marginal income tax rate was reduced from 66% to 33%, corporate tax rate was also diminished from 48% to 33%. GST (Goods and Service Tax) was introduced at a rate of 10% initially. However, imposition of Capital Gain Tax in New Zealand still remains a controversial issue. A Capital Gain Tax may be defined as the tax levied on realization of assets such as shares, bonds and properties or capital gains for individuals and corporations. This kind of tax is imposed when investors realize a profit by selling the capital asset at a price higher than the purchase price. In this paper, the significance of introducing Capital Gains Taxation in New Zealand’s economy will be discussed and eventually relevant inference regarding the concerned matter will be drawn (OECD, 2013). New Zealand is one among the three countries in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) which is not having Capital Gains Tax. According to the reports from March, 2014 both the Labour Party and Green Party of New Zealand are advocating the importance of imposing Capital Gains Tax. However, implication of imposition of such tax burden is still in debate (Claus, Creedy & Teng, 2012). Capital Gains Tax from economic income perspective is a long debated issue. Arguments can be introduced in this regard by experiencing the Labour Party’s effort to establish horizontally equitable income by taxing the capital gain on accrual basis and by imposing taxes at an equal rate on capital gain irrespective of their other source of income. Apart from that, be it Labour or Green Party, the

Mandatory Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods is Important to Research Paper

Mandatory Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods is Important to Consumer Choice - Research Paper Example micro-organism, animals and also the plants. Moreover, these advances are pronounced in the food stuffs, where genetic modifications are paving way to bring revolution to the food industry. How safe are these food items? Are these food items serving human beings in true sense or they are daunting? Research conducted across the globe institute the injurious effects of these genetically modified (GM) food stuffs. It is noticeable that the repercussions are so distressing that they are disturbing our own inheritance. Research further accentuate that genetically modified food items are one of the chief causes of cancer, as, genetically altered food stuffs are synthetically manufactured or its genes are altered. It is evident that these altered GM food stuffs are the resultant of recombinant DNA and possess complete potential to stimulate any cell or gene or its product(s) and in this manner trigger the genetic composition of the customers. The techniques exploited for the formation are c ell blending, micro and macro encapsulation, gene deletion or duplication or transgenesis. GM food is not only taxing the environment but also the laws of nature. For this rationale, â€Å"Genetically Engineered Food Labeling Act† is formulated. ... Findings through research lay distinction on the fact that consumers must be aware of the kind of food stuff they are consuming. As the demand for the food supply is enhancing with the growing population, new companies are also coming up to contribute in food availability. They seek political pressures to get the license for establishing company to manufacture genetically modified food stuffs. Although it is a violation of permissive regulatory methodology and also contravenes the research answers (Charles, 2002). People have a preference for GM food items because of their superior looks and lasting freshness to a greater length of time, above all they are devoid of bugs and insects particularly the vegetables and fruits. Accepting this psychology to a greater extent, GM food stuffs has boomed the marketplace in every paradigm of food industry (Charles, 2002). Background Genetically modified food stuff is a matter of concern across the globe. European Commission has recommend mandato ry labeling for genetically modified food stuffs for as small as 1% of the ingredients that it contains. On the other hand USA does not have any mandatory labeling prerequisite (Debate: Mandatory labeling of genetically modified foods). It is imperative for the customer to have an idea what they are consuming and what percentage of genetic modification the product possess. Advocates and arguments of not putting the label emphasize that there is no established health risk for genetically modified food stuff. On the other hand if labels are put on the genetically modified food stuffs then any disease or ailment will be related to the genetically modified food stuffs, may or may not it has any role in the ailment (Debate: Mandatory labeling of genetically modified foods).

Controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Controversy - Essay Example In fact, the market economy of New Zealand is one of the most prosperous economies of the world with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $181.3 billion, as on April, 2013 (OECD, 2013). Taxation in New Zealand is a vast and complex phenomenon. Since 1980, the country is going through significant tax reform programs for the purpose of restructuring its marginal tax rate system. In 2010, the marginal income tax rate was reduced from 66% to 33%, corporate tax rate was also diminished from 48% to 33%. GST (Goods and Service Tax) was introduced at a rate of 10% initially. However, imposition of Capital Gain Tax in New Zealand still remains a controversial issue. A Capital Gain Tax may be defined as the tax levied on realization of assets such as shares, bonds and properties or capital gains for individuals and corporations. This kind of tax is imposed when investors realize a profit by selling the capital asset at a price higher than the purchase price. In this paper, the significance of introducing Capital Gains Taxation in New Zealand’s economy will be discussed and eventually relevant inference regarding the concerned matter will be drawn (OECD, 2013). New Zealand is one among the three countries in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) which is not having Capital Gains Tax. According to the reports from March, 2014 both the Labour Party and Green Party of New Zealand are advocating the importance of imposing Capital Gains Tax. However, implication of imposition of such tax burden is still in debate (Claus, Creedy & Teng, 2012). Capital Gains Tax from economic income perspective is a long debated issue. Arguments can be introduced in this regard by experiencing the Labour Party’s effort to establish horizontally equitable income by taxing the capital gain on accrual basis and by imposing taxes at an equal rate on capital gain irrespective of their other source of income. Apart from that, be it Labour or Green Party, the